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8 Organisms (1)

　　(A leaflet) How can a single-celled organism without a brain be able to move integratively?

　　(A leaflet) Heat generation within a cell is temporarily suspended

　　(An leaflet) Intelligence and memory of slime molds

　　An intrinsic tendency inherent in energy -- The source of emergence (Important unexpectedly)

　　Organizing the motions of substances inside organisms, in the formation of crystals, and so on (Important)

　　Requirements of organizing the motions of substances

　　Living things operate based on thinking (No proof required)

　　It is expected that the occurrence of physical events within a cell can be suspended

　　The foundation of the active movement of living organisms

　　《 (A leaflet) How can a single-celled organism without a brain be able to move integratively? 》

A single-celled organism doesn't have a brain. Still the single-celled organism can move integratively as an independent organism.

The overall movement of a single-celled organism is brought by the movements of substances composing the single-celled organism. Moreover, the overall movement is integrative, and those substances move integratively and cooperatively to realize it.

However, if we evaluate calmly, this is a very strange thing. Even though a single-celled organism is a highly organized aggregate of diverse constituent substances, without a brain, how could it move in a coherent and integrative way as a whole?

(As a substitute, a single-celled organism also has genome --a set of chromosomes--, and DNAs are contained in it. However, the basic role of a DNA is to preserve the information for synthesizing various proteins necessary for a living body, in a form of a line of animo acids. No matter how a DNA is an exquisite macromolecule, it is a third person object and one of totally passive substances unable to move externally on their own. Such a DNA does never have functions or abilities to control the movement of the whole single-celled organism).

Moreover, the integrated and cooperatiove movements of constituent substances are high and dynamic physical order too. However, such physical order can by no means formed naturally because of the second law of thermodynamics that entropy increases. Such order cannot be formed naturally.

In spite of that, a single-celld organism's movement, which is high and dynamic physical order, is realized really. Therefore, it is inferred that some mechanism or framework that makes it possible and has not been recognized in current physics works in the movements of a single-celled organism. It has to be so. This is because a single-celled organism moves integratively actually.

The functions and movements of substances inside living bodies such as a cell, etc. are researched minutely in molecular biology and so on. However, The integrated movements --integrated and cooperative movements of constituent substances-- of a living body cannot yet been explained by investigating minutely the infinitesimal physical events inside a living body alone. It seems that, for it to be fulfilled, it is indispensable that physical mechanisms or frameworks that integrated what were investigated in molecular biology and so on are also investigated.

The fact that the constituent substances move integratively and cooperatively to realize the integrated movement of the whole living body means that their movements are organized and controlled.

It seems that, so to speak, the integrated movement of the whole living body is realized by the collaboration between two factors, the cooperative and precise movements at the level of constituent substances and the mechanism or framework of organizing to bring those movements at the level of the whole living body.

And, such a thing is quite natural actually at inanimate articles. For example, various articles and machines produced by humans are realized by such a functional constitution --the presice functions and movements of each part and the framework of organizing to gather them--. In a word, collaboration between details and the whole. That's the case with even ideational articles --for example, writing and music-- and human organizations.

The functions and movements of living bodies's constituent substances are studied minutely in molecular biology and so on. However, the investigation of the mechanism or framework to organize those functions and movements seem to come to be in charge of physics. It is strongly hoped that it is addressed to by physics.

　　《 (A leaflet) Heat generation within a cell is temporarily suspended 》

Biology tells us that, inside cells, heat is generated by mitochondria through the hydrolysis of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to ADP (adenosine diphosphate).

However, although this is difficult to explain, this hydrolysis appears to be temporarily suspended for some reason after ATP is produced by mitochondria. It seems to be almost intentionally withheld. This is because it seems that heat is not always generated within cells. Heat is thought to be generated (intentionally) within cells and only when it is needed. Until then, ATP hydrolysis is suspended.

However this suspension is very strange. This is because physical events, including chemical reactions, occur immediately, automatically if the conditions for them to occur are met. For this reason, it is normally impossible to be left in a limbo state where ATP hydrolysis may or may not occur.

Yet, ATP hydrolysis is actually suspended.

It seems that biology and physics should not turn their eyes away from this fact forever and ever. Rather, it is better to accept this as a fact and begin elucidating the mechanism or framework that makes it possible. It seems that physics will be directly responsible for this.

(To begin with, there is something strange about the biological explanation of heat generation within cells. Next two points.

i) Thermal energy is of poor quality and difficult to use, but its use or purpose is not explained.

ii) The trigger for heat generation is not explained.

In other words, the explanation is not yet complete).

　　《 An intrinsic tendency inherent in energy -- The source of emergence (Important unexpectedly) 》

Generally, by the second law of thermodynamics that entropy increases, physical order collapses naturally and things get random and chaotic.

However, on the other hand, energy, if possible, appears to have a tendency to use itself as a material to form higher physical order inside matter.

Otherwise, it seems simply impossible that matter evolves into more big and complex matter.

For example, matter is in an existential mode of wave composed of innumerable constituent components during its sole existence, the physical quantity (= spatial position) is not determined, and matter's existence is, in a sense, vague. This state can be regarded as a sea of indeterminates of low order.

However, if matter comes into contact with other matter, with the occurrence of interaction, (innumerable constituents of) matter change into a particle-like existential mode in which they concentrate on a single localized point in space, the physical quantity of the matter is determined to be one, and the existence of matter comes definite. This state can be regarded as of higher order.

(By the way, it's possible for a physical interaction to be regarded as a question asking the existence of other party each other. This is because the occurrence of an interaction activates ideational works inside matter. The existence of matter will be determined caused by asking and through ideational works. To put it reversely, matter doesn't seem to need to determine its existence without being asked).

In short, matter has two existential modes in principle and, even in one matter, the degree of its order changes over each other.

And, the changeover seems to be fulfilled directly by (intrinsic actions embodied by) energy that is the true identity of matter.

In other words, energy is endowed with a tendency to make itself change into a state of higher order if possible (by being asked through some physical interaction). This seems to be an essential tendency inherent in energy.

That is to say, internally, energy is essentially endowed with an intrinsic tendency toward emergence that seek to promote itself to a state of higher order --seek to evolve itself-- if possible, (contrary to the external work that is apt to bring the collapse of physical order at the macroscopic level outside matter).

And, this tendency toward emergence seems to be the fundamental impellent for the occurrence of various substances in this universe --formation and evolution of various substances through nuclear fusion or chemical reactions--.

And the evolution of matter into living things also comes under this evolution. The development and evolution of living things and the emergence of consciousness are also the evolution of matter.

(It seems impossible to demonstrate, but consciousness that fulfills ideational works surely emerges in a physical world of this universe and consciousness is also physical surely. Nothing can exist in this universe unless it is physical. And, it can never be demonstrated to others, but, at least, if we recognize the existence of one's own consciousness, it cannot help being physical. If we do not recognize, me comes not to exist. And ideas are also included in what are physical.

However, in contrast to ideas, bodily sensation and senses of thought and qualia accompanying the senses are delicate. Idea are presumed to occur --to be formed-- as what are momentary, movement itself of entities called actions. And, moreover, senses and qualia that are felt about such senses are interpreted as something like their shadows or maps. For this reason, senses and qualia are delicate. It's, in a sense, a little surprising that such strange and fleeting things occur --are felt by consciousness-- in a world of physical entities of this universe).

　　《 (An leaflet) Intelligence and memory of slime molds 》

Professor Toshiyuki Nakagaki of Hokkaido University has indirectly but visually and objectively demonstrated that slime mold, a unicellular organism, has intelligence and memory.

(Energy has no volume and is non-material. Energy is not a substance. And it's invisible. For this reason, it is impossible to directly demonstrate energy itself. The existence of energy can only be inferred indirectly from individual physical phenomena such as thermal energy, electrical energy, and kinetic energy.

And, if, like energy, something non-physical exists, it seems that its existence can only be demonstrated indirectly through some physical phenomenon.

And it is assumed that intelligence and memory fall under this category. In this respect, the visual and objective demonstration of the intelligence and memory of slime molds, albeit indirectly, is highly appreciated.

Moreover, intelligence is consciousness. And the existence of one's own subjective consciousness is an immediate fact because it can be directly sensed by oneself. (The existence of one's own subjective consciousness is the most certain fact in this universe). Therefore, it requires no further demonstration.

However, it is thought to be extremely difficult to ascertain whether or not another person truly has consciousness.

It is amazing that, In this situation, the existence of intelligence (consciousness) in slime mold, a single-celled organism without a brain, has been visually and objectively demonstrated, albeit indirectly.

Furthermore, this is believed to be the first time that the existence (emergence) of consciousness has been objectively demonstrated. Consciousness has been indirectly but objectively demonstrated. (In the first place, it seems impossible to directly demonstrate consciousness (intelligence)). Also in this respect, it is highly appreciated that consciousness has been objectively demonstrated).

　　《 An intrinsic tendency inherent in energy -- The source of emergence (Important unexpectedly) 》

Generally, by the second law of thermodynamics that entropy increases, physical order collapses naturally and things get random and chaotic.

However, on the other hand, energy, if possible, appears to have a tendency to use itself as a material to form higher physical order inside matter.

All productive events in this universe, including the activities of living things, seem to be fundamentally due to this tendency of energy. It seems that the formation of consciousness and the function of thinking --these are high and dynamic physical order-- are also due to this tendency.

Otherwise, it seems simply impossible that, including exquite crystalline masses and living things, matter evolves into more big and complex matter.

By the way, (it seems that this way of looking doesn't yet seem to be recognized in physiscs and is heretical in a sense, but), for example, it seems that matter is in an existential mode of wave composed of innumerable constituent components during its sole existence. For this reason, the physical quantity (= spatial position) is not determined, and matter's existence is, in a sense, vague. This state can be regarded as a sea of indeterminates of low order.

(By the way, it's possible for a physical interaction to be regarded as a question asking the existence of other party each other. This is because the occurrence of an interaction activates ideational functions inside matter. The existence of matter in a sole existence will be determined caused by asking and grounded on ideational functions. To put it reversely, matter doesn't seem to need to determine its existence without being asked by interactions).

In short, matter has two existential modes in principle and, even in one matter, the degree of its order changes over each other.

And, the changeover seems to be fulfilled directly by (intrinsic actions embodied by) energy that is the true identity of matter.

Energy is essentially endowed with an intrinsic tendency toward emergence that seek to promote itself to a state of higher order --seek to evolve itself-- internally if possible, (contrary to the external work that tends to bring the collapse of physical order at the macroscopic level outside matter).

And the evolution of matter into living things also comes under this evolution. The development and evolution of living things and the emergence of consciousness are also the evolution of matter.

　　《 Organizing the motions of substances inside organisms, in the formation of crystals, and so on (Important) 》

It is natural for us humans that living things move independently. We feel nothing strange about it.

However, the external, spontaneous, and active motion of living things seems to violate the laws of physics.

First, almost all external motions are realized by muscular movement. And, muscular movement is formed by movements such as contraction and expansion of innumerable cells composing it. Moreover, the contraction and expansion of a cell is brought by the external motions inside the cell, of substances in the cell.

The following events and so on come under the external motions of substances.

a) Rotation

b) Spatial locomotion

c) Chemical reaction

Simply put, external motions of a living thing are ultimately brought by the external motions inside a cell, of innumerable substances in a cell.

Moreover, it's very difficult to explain this, but the motions of substances in a cell are evaluated to be integrated and cooperative. This can also be expressed that the motions of substances in a cell are organized and controlled.

Otherwise, their motions become haphazard and a cell becomes unable to move spontaneously, integratively, actively, and purposively. To begin with, the cell cannot be a cell. (Before that, organisms could never have arisen).

For example, suppose there is a small pond and a single-celled paramecium moves seemingly randomly in it. We humans cannot necessarily gather the purpose, but single-celled organisms do not have the brain. However, the innumerable substances composing the paramecium move necessarily integratively and cooperatively so that the paramecium can move in such a way. Even without a brain, an organism's motions are organized and controlled.

From the point of view of molecular biology and so on, the motions of substances in a cell are too advanced and complicated. For this reason, even if we feel it unconsciously, it is difficult for us to notice such a thing. However that is inevitable.

For this reason, the motions of substances in a cell must inevitably be organized and integrated and cooperative.

And, this is the most significant feature of a cell --living body / life--. In other words, that the motions of innumerable constituent substances are organized and those motions have integratedness and cooperativeness is the essence and the point of life.

And, this is also the point of autopoiesis. A living body (living thing) is also a system of autopoiesis. The formation processes of crystals of various substances are also systems of autopoiesis.

However, matter, (though it is a first person subject internally and operates spontaneously and actively on its own), is a third person object externally. And, matter that is a third person object can never move externally on its own, unless it is involved in some physical interaction passively.

And, living bodies such as microorganisms, cells, tissues, and organs are formed from innumerable substances, but, however highly organized (in a static sence) the substances are in such a single aggregate of substances, it's impossible that the motions of those innumerable substances, which are just third person objects externally, are organized naturally and they have integratedness and cooperativeness.

By the way, a white blood corpuscle and a red blood corpuscle are said to be isolated corpuscles, and their motions also seem to be organized and controlled. It is said that a white blood corpuscle has chromosomes --a genome / an aggregate of DNA--, but a red blood corpuscle doesn't have chromosomes. (It is said that the chromosomes of a red blood corpuscle are removed from a red blood corpuscle to reduce the molume of it after the production of the red blood corpuscle was completed). Neverthelsss, the red blood corpuscle acts integratively. This means that even chromosomes do not have the function to organize and control the motion of the whole cell. (Then, what is responsible for the motions of white blood corpuscle or red blood corpuscle? We can only sai that it is strange). It is said that the first use of DNA is carrying the information to produce protein, but, in that DNA is also one of substances composing a cell, there is no difference at all between DNA and other constituent substances. Even DNA is a third person object.

Moreover, physical forces such as gravity, electromagnetic forces, forces to combine atoms and molecules, etc. do not have at all the ability or function to organize the motions of innumerable substances. Even though innumerable substances gather together and form a single aggregate, it's usually impossible that the entire motion of it is organized naturally.

Furthermore, that the motions of innumerable substances are organized and those motions have integratedness and cooperativeness means also that high, dynamic physical order is formed.

However, high physical order is by no means formed because of the second law of thermodynamics that wntropy increases.

That is to say, external motions of a living thing are brought fundamentally as the whole of external motions (inside a cell) of innumerable substances in a cell, but it's impossible that their motions are organized naturally and they have integratedness and cooperativeness.

Therefore, the external, spontaneous, integrative, active, and purposive motions of living things can by no means realized naturally.

However, the independent activities of living things are realized really. Thereby it has no choice but to violate the laws of physics.

And the same is also applicable to the crystalline masses of various substances.

Crystalline masses of various substances have integratedness and cooperativeness in their morphological shapes. This is especially conspicuous at snow crystals. For this reason, though they are static, they are high physical order.

And, this means that, in the formation processes of them, the motions of innumerable constituent substances were organized independently and they had integratedness and cooperativeness.

For this reason, the formation of crystalline masses of various substances also violates the laws of physics.

However, the independent activities of living things and the formation of crystalline masses are realized really. Then, it seems to mean that their motions violate the laws of physics, but, rather, the mechanism or framework through which the motions of innumerable substances are organized and they have integratedness and cooperativeness is not yet known and elucidated.

In a word, here is still a blank area. In other words, the elucidation of the mechanism or framework is an uncharted area for physics and natural sciences.

However, given the nature of the events, it seems that the elucidation is not in the charge of such individual academic fields as crystallography, biology, molecular biology, or biophysics. That seems to fall right into the hands of physics, the foundation of natural sciences. It's a new research field in physics. It's strongly hoped that the elucidation is addressed to by physics.

By the way, since the formation process of the crystalline mass is pretty static, it may be easy to approach.

　　《 Requirements of organizing the motions of substances 》

The motions of substances inside organisms, in the formation of crystals, and so on are organized. They have integratedness and cooperativeness.

And, the requirements of the organization can be surmised logically. The following things are surmised as the requirements.

i) The work that fulfills the information gathering about the physical state of the whole substances. This is the work that measures the state. This measurement includes also the measurement about the external influence such as energy and forces, that occurs between a substance and other substances. This work is necessary because it cannot be judged (designed) what kind of state the whole should become at the next moment unless it has the information about the present whole state. And, measuemrent is an ideational work because it reads the values (= ideas) of measurement targets.

ii) The work that designs the physical state of the whole substances at the next moment. This computes (designs) the whole state at the next moment based on the information --ideas-- gained by the information gathering about the state of substances. This design is ideational basises of the physical (material) motions of substances. This work is also an ideational work.

iii) The work that actually realizes the physical state of the whole substances at the next moment. This is the work that realizes the physical state based on the design about the state of the whole substances at the next moment. And, since it realizes the state, it is required to move substances externally --rotation / spatial locomotion / chemical reaction-- (inside the whole). (However, that doesn't seem to be required to operate substances from outside and move them. For instance, it seems that, if each substance moves by itself following the design, it is thereby realized). This is a physical material) work because it brings the motions of substances.

However, since the work of iii) brings the motions of substances based on the design --ideas-- of ii), it is expected that the work has an exceedingly grave problem physically. Still, it seems that the motions of substances at living things, the formation of crystals, and so on can by no means be organized unless the work of iii) is assumed. Therefore the work of iii) is logically inevitable.

　　《 Living things operate based on thinking (No proof required) 》

1) Direct subjective recognition has the highest degree of factualness

2) Living things operate based on thinking

3) Consciousness and physics

　　................

1) Direct subjective recognition has the highest degree of factualness

The sensing, observation, and recognition about one's own subjective consciousness by one's own subjective consciousness is direct and immediate. Therefore, the perception requires no further evidence. No evidence is needed for direct conscious perception.

In contrast, the perception of objective things is indirect, involving countless physical interactions. Therefore, there is a high possibility that what is perceived quickly changes in quality, and that the objectivity of the object of recognition will also be quickly lost. Moreover, people tend to have fixed ideas and tend to see (interpret) things through colored glasses.

For these reasons, even if the object of recognition as evidence is an objective object, it is unclear how it will actually be perceived by people, and how it is ultimately recognized can vary a lot depending on each individual.

In other words, when determining whether something is true or not, the objectivity of things cannot necessarily be relied upon and is not absolute.

Rather, the factualness of objective things is low in that there is a distance between them and their final recognition by consciousness and they can be interpreted in various ways by different people.

The difference is that observations about objective things can be shared with others, whereas subjective perceptions cannot be shared with others. However, the degree of (distance) objectivity that can be shared with others is of little use in determining whether or not what is observed --what is interpreted-- is a true fact.

It seems that only subjective perception of senses that arise in consciousness is considered to be perception in the strict sense (no evidence is required). Even though it can never be shared with others, subjective perception is the most reliable for one's own self.

2) Living things operate based on thinking

This is a very normal judgment, but we humans act according to (bodily sensations and) the thoughts --computations / designs-- that arise in our own subjective consciousness.

For example, speech is a typical example. The act of speaking is always based on thought. All the muscles involved in speech do not work unless we have thought about what we are about to say. The speech muscles only work once the content of what is to be said arises in consciousness.

And, if we trust our own subjective perception as fact, then this is the ultimate fact that cannot be denied. No proof is needed for this. In other words, we human beings move our bodies based on big ideas called thoughts as an immediate fact.

And this ultimately means that the substances that make up the body move (integratively and cooperatively) based on ideas. The substances that make up the organs, tissues, and cells that are involved in movement move in an integrated and cooperative manner based on big thinking in order to achieve coordinated movement of the body.

Living bodies such as cells are extremely sophisticated, complex, and delicate material systems, and the substances that make up these systems appear to be organized in each system and their movements are controlled in an integrated and coordinated manner.

By the way, movement refers to spatial locomotion and rotation (postural control) within a living body. Perhaps the occurrence of chemical reactions may also be influenced by thoughts.

Otherwise, the harmonious movement of the body as an integrated material system will never be achieved. It seems that, in the first place, the body will never moves, even if only partially.

And it seems that this is not limited to humans. Although this is just a guess, the situation seems to be the same for microorganisms, single-celled organisms, animals, plants, etc.

In other words, in every living body, the constituent substances move based on the idea of a larger thought that occurs throughout the living body. (This is a fact that does not require proof).

(This also means that at least the body of thought (idea) is physical --that the body of thought is a physical entity (embodied in energy) that can interact with matter--).

Biology and physics should not pretend not to know about this forever. Rather, it is desirable to accept this as a fact (that does not require proof) and begin elucidating the mechanism or framework that makes this possible. Since the mechanism involves countless substances, it seems that elucidating it will be primarily the responsibility of physics. I want physics to do its best.

3) Consciousness and physics

In that sense, consciousness itself is the most factual. After all, consciousness is the subject that performs direct subjective cognition.

On the surface, consciousness seems elusive and mysterious.

However consciousness is occurring in this universe. Our consciousness exists on this earth as something that arises, lasts for a while, and then disappears.

And, while consciousness is occurring, it continues to change constantly. Although we do not yet know the details of the aspect of its existence, such thing is a physical phenomenon. Anything that changes (moves) in the physical world of this universe is always a physical phenomenon. Therefore, consciousness is also a physical phenomenon.

And physical phenomena are always embodied by energy and matter. And, since matter is embodied by countless energies, it seems that consciousness, which is a physical phenomenon, is also ultimately embodied by energies. (In fact, consciousness is presumed to be energy itself).

According to the Big Bang theory, the Big Bang erupted an infinite amount of energy that formed this universe. And energy has no volume and is non-material. That kind of energy is very strange. However, such energy is the source of the physicality of this universe, and the energy itself is physical. And, including space, all the substances that exist in this universe --all physical phenomena-- are embodied in such mysterious energy.

(Everything that exists in this universe is physical and needs to be embodied in energy. Anything that is not embodied in energy does not exist in this universe.

However, even though the causes (sources) of senses and qualia such as bodily sensations and thoughts felt by consciousness are physical, it seems that these senses themselves are not physical. It is delicate whether these senses can be considered to exist).

If we do not accept that consciousness is physical and exists as a physical phenomenon, then that is the end of the story.

Consciousness is physical and ultimately exists as a physical phenomenon embodied in energy. And, for us humans, the reality of consciousness is the highest.

I believe that physics should not continue to ignore consciousness, which exists as a physical phenomenon. It is strongly hoped that consciousness will be elucidated through physics.

　　《 It is expected that the occurrence of physical events within a cell can be suspended 》

1) Preliminary information

2) It is expected that the occurrence of physical events within cells can be suspended

3) Possible explanation

4) A more detailed explanation of the suspension of ATP hydrolysis

5) Serious problem

6) Biological activities seem to violate the laws of physics

7) Involvement of free will

8) Secondary benefits of the heat generated

　　................

1) Preliminary information

According to biology, many mitochondria are said to coexist within animal cells. This mitochondria synthesizes ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from ADP (adenosine diphosphate). This ATP is called energy currency, and it is used (consumed) for almost all physical events that require energy within the cell. Examples include muscle movement, ion transport across cell membranes, and uptake of nutrients into cells.

And, upon the consumption, ATP is converted to ADP by hydrolysis, and heat is generated (released) at that time.

In other words, in almost every event in an animal's body, ATP is used to generate heat. Moreover, even if animals are not apparently active, basal metabolism is always carried out, so it follows that the animal's body is always generating heat, albeit to varying degrees.

2) It is expected that the occurrence of physical events within cells can be suspended

When animals are active, their bodies generate heat. (More precisely, when some physical event occurs in the cells involved in making the body move, ATP is consumed and heat is generated). The amount of heat generated is approximately proportional to the amount of motion.

And, as long as the animal's body is not in a state of starvation, it is usually easy for the animal to perform the movements. And heat is also generated depending on the movement. And, this implicitly means that the materials (substances) necessary to cause the movement are already prepared within the cell.

However, physical events, including chemical reactions, occur immediately and automatically if the conditions for them to occur are met.

For this reason, it seems that, if preparations for some physical event to occur within the cell have already been completed, that physical event should occur immediately, and heat should be generated along with it. In other words, as soon as the preparation for a physical event is completed, the physical event will occur immediately and heat will be generated.

By the way, an animal's bodily movements occur based on the conscious intention to cause the movement. (For example, vocalization produces related muscular movements based on thoughts formed in consciousness. The muscular movements of vocalization do not occur unless the content of what is to be said is formed in consciousness). In other words, bodily movements always occur based on conscious thoughts (purposes / policies / designs / commands).

(Incidentally, from this, we can understand that there is a point of contact between ideas and matter. And, from this, we can further expect that ideas have a material (physical) side. It is hoped that this kind of thing will be recognized by physics).

And, as far as bodily movements are concerned, heat is generated when those movements are caused.

However, it seems that the heat associated with physical movement is not generated constantly and evenly in the animal's body. (It looks like that). This is because animal motions are performed based on thoughts formed in consciousness, and are not always carried out.

Then something would be weird. A physical event occurs immediately if the conditions are met. From a physical point of view, it is impossible for a physical event to be suspended while the conditions are met. However, despite that, in cells, heat is not generated constantly and evenly. For this reason, it is assumed that the consumption --or, synthesis of ATP in mitochondria and its consumption within the cell-- of a large amount of ATP, which is supposed to be ready, is not performed constantly and evenly.

And that can be considered a reservation. In cells, the consumption of ATP that should occur immediately can be put on hold until needed due to conscious thought. And, only when the need arises will the hold be released and ATP be used. There is no other way to evaluate it.

(The same may be true not only for cells but also for tissues and organs. Furthermore, ATP consumption may not be the only physical event that can be suspended within cells. This is because animals are not constantly operating machines).

(By the way, the consumption of ATP within cells is different from the secretion of substances such as gastric juices and enzymes to where they are needed. This is because these substances are generally secreted in response to physical stimulation within the body, whereas ATP consumption in muscle cells is fundamentally initiated by conscious thought).

(By the way, this can also be considered a violation of the laws of physics. Though it doesn't seem that there is such a clear law of physics. And this seems to be one of the reasons why animal activities seem to violate the laws of physics).

In any case, it is assumed that physical events can be suspended in an animal's body (while violating the laws of physics). (Perhaps, even in plants, there may be physical events that are put on hold).

And, iIf physical events are to be suspended in reality, there must be some kind of mechanism or framework that makes this possible. It is hoped that biology and physics will recognize this as a fact and begin to elucidate it. It seems that physics will be directly responsible for this.

3) Possible explanation

Procuring materials is essential for manufacturing goods. However, manufacturing cannot begin just because the materials have been procured. Production can only begin once all required materials have been transported to the production site.

Production can be considered to be on hold until the procured materials are actually used in production.

And the same is true for ATP consumption in a cell. If the ATP synthesized by mitochondria is released into the cell but has not yet been transported to where it is needed, it is effectively suspending the use of ATP --the occurrence of physical event--.

It is expected that the occurrence of muscle movements and other physical events can be deferred by not yet transporting these necessary materials to the site.

4) A more detailed explanation of the suspension of ATP hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of ATP does not appear to occur simply through contact of ATP molecules with water molecules. And, it is said that, inside a cell, ATP hydrolysis occurs when a ATP molecule binds to an ATP hydrolase called ATPase.

Even though the ATP molecule synthesized by mitochondria is released into a cell interior, it does not immediately combine with ATPase. Even though the many released ATP molecules are randomly scattered inside a cell, they remain unhydrolyzed until necessity arises.

However, still, for some cause, inside a cell, the ATP molecule moves to the side of ATPase that is present where ATP is needed, binds to it, and undergoes hydrolysis. (Moreover, in order for the ATP molecule to successfully bind to the ATPase, it may be necessary to subtly control its posture).

However, there are no physical forces that can naturally move ATP molecules precisely to the side of ATPase. No such force acts on the movement of ATP molecules.

Therefore, the movement of ATP molecules must be spontaneous and active. It can also be seen as purposeful and intentional.

And, it is evaluated that consumption of the ATP is (implicitly) suspended until the ATP molecules move purposefully.

In other words, the occurrence of physical events within cells can be suspended in this way.

And this is consistent with the fact that the movements of living bodies such as cells occur based on the thoughts (purposes / policies / designs / commands) of their consciousness.

And this seems to be the fundamental reason why the active movements of living things (living bodies) feel like they violate some kind of physical laws.

However, it is speculated that not only ATP but also other substances can move actively and purposefully if necessary. (And the physical events to which they relate can be suspended until then). This is because there is no difference between ATP and other substances as constituent substances of cells.

5) Serious problem

However, there is a serious problem.

In order to initiate a physical event, it is necessary to accurately transport materials (substances) such as ATP to the site. (And, postural control of substances may also be necessary to cause a chemical reaction rapidly). However, although there is a special condition that it occurs inside a living organism called a cell, this kind of movement is an external mechanical event. And there is no physical force that can do that.

(This applies not only to ATP but also to the movement of substances within a cell in general. For example, the transfer of mRNA to the site).

In other words, in order for living organisms, including plants, to be able to act spontaneously and actively, it is essential to accurately transport substances within a cell, but it seems that the mechanism for this has not yet been clarified.

Physics will probably be in charge of elucidating that.

6) Biological activities seem to violate the laws of physics

It is felt that the spontaneous and active activities of living things violate the laws of physics, but it seems that substances appear to be (so to speak, intentionally (purposively) and) actively transported within a cell, (violating the laws of physics). This seems to be the root cause of it.

This is because it seems that, based on the possibility of (intentional) active transport (that violates the laws of physics), the occurrence of physical events is suspended and biological (bodily / material) activities (that violate the laws of physics) can be intentional (purposive).

The activities of living organisms violate the laws of physics, but it is assumed that the fact that intentional active transport of substances in a cell being carried out or deferred is the root cause of the violation.

(By the way, the fact that the activities of living things (= movements of underlying substances) are intentional (purposive) means that ideas exist at the root of such movements. Ideas exist at the root of the movement of living things. And somewhere there is a point of contact between ideas and matter. And ideas have a

material (physical) side).

7) Involvement of free will

The spontaneous and active activities of living things may also be thought to be realized through free will. It may then follow that free will must be able to participate in the active transport of substances within a cell.

However, it seems that, if active transport were to be accomplished based on thoughts (purposes / policies / computations / designs / commands) of (physical) consciousness automatically formed, free will would not always be necessary (relevant).

((Physical) consciousness is formed completely automatically because it is a physical event (physical phenomenon). Therefore, the thoughts that arise in consciousness are also formed completely automatically (in the direction of forming physical order). (The combination of thoughts and bodily sensations is considered to be consciousness. Also, the thoughts that are automatically formed in consciousness are physical orders. Thought is a physical order). In other words, in the strict sense of the word, there is no free will).

8) Secondary benefits of the heat generated

Heat is generated when ATP is consumed in cells, but it is assumed that this heat is not wasted. Heat is a poor quality energy and is difficult to use, but the generation of such heat is, rather, considered to be essential for the activities of living organisms --the continuation of their survival--.

This is because the entropy production rate within the cell reduces when the generated heat is expelled to the outside. And, because the reduction in the entropy generation rate is presumed to have the effect of activating the self-emergence action (or, self-fusion action) inherent in energy.

And, it is expected that this self-emergence action of energy will make the ideational actions --self-state-measurement action and self-next-state-and-operation-computation action-- among physical actions that are the true body of the constituent substances of the cell fuse into one, and that it will be elevated to the consciousness of the cell.

(Matter is an integrate aggregate of countless energies. And the physical actions of matter are embodied in energies. For this reason, consciousness is also embodied in energies. Both physical actions and consciousness are energies themselves.

(Incidentally, the movements of substances that make up a cell are endowed with integrateness and cooperativeness. This is similar to how matter is organized and their movements are controlled. However it seems that such a thing cannot be realized without some comprehensive physical mechanism or framework at work. Physics will be in charge of its elucidation)).

Cellular activity and survival are thought to be brought about by the collaboration between constituent substances and cellular consciousness.

For this reason, if heat generation due to ATP consumption ceases, the reduction in entropy production rate will be fundamentally eliminated, cellular consciousness will quickly disappear, cell activity will cease, and the cell will die.

The overall function of a cell (living body) is expected to be performed as follows.

a) At the point where ATP is needed, it is hydrolyzed and converted to ADP by some kind of trigger. Due to the occurrence of this chemical reaction, physical events such as muscle movement are realized. And heat is also generated by the consumption of ATP.

b) The outflow of the generated heat reduces the entropy production rate throughout the cell.

Heat generation is fundamentally essential to reducing the entropy production rate. If there is no heat generation, there is no reduction in the entropy production rate, cellular consciousness disappears, and the cell dies.

c) Due to the reduction in the entropy production rate, the self-emergence action (self-fusion action) of energy is activated, and, among the actions inherent in constituent substances of a cell, actions that perform ideational functions continue to fuse and renew cellular consciousness.

d) The information-gathering action --self-measurement-- and the computation action --designing-- of cellular consciousness design the state and movement of the constituent substances at the next moment.

e) Based on the design outcomes, the movement --spatial locomotion, rotation (attitude control), etc.-- of substances is controlled and accelerated. (Possibly, chemical reactions may also be affected).

It is expected that there are serious or interesting problems in physics lurking here.

f) Further information gathering and computations are performed by the cellular consciousness.

g) If more control over the movement of substances is needed, more ATP is consumed --more heat is generated-- and the the steps up to this point are repeated.

h) If it is no longer necessary to control the movement of substances, the steps pause and the cell becomes less active. (However, in order to maintain cellular consciousness, the minimum basal metabolism continues to be fulfilled).

Therefore, the heat generated in a cell by ATP hydrolysis is extremely important for cell activity and survival. And the performance of basal metabolism in a cell is essential for keeping the cell alive.

　　《 The foundation of the active movement of living organisms 》

1) The movement of living things is realized by the integrate and cooperative movement of countless substances

2) (An aside) Possibility of adding voluntariness to biological activities

3) Living things are evaluated as advanced and precise material systems with autopoiesis

4) Living things continue to actively form a highly sophisticated physical order

5) Biological activities violate the laws of physics

6) Movements such as the development, activity, and evolution of living things cannot occur naturally

7) A physical mechanism, framework, or foundation is necessary for living things to be realized

8) The active activities of living things are based on ideational functions

　　................

1) The movement of living things is realized by the integrate and cooperative movement of countless substances

Including plants, living things and living bodies, such as cells, tissues, and organs, move spontaneously and actively. Moreover, their movements are usually intentional (purposive) and consistent overall.

However, in order to realize such movement in living organisms, in all the cells involved, all the substances involved must move accurately and cooperatively. This is essential.

(Accurate movement of a substances means that the substances that are the materials for a certain physical event within a cell move accurately to the site of that physical event. It may also be possible to subtly control the posture of substances in order to quickly cause a chemical reaction, etc).

So to speak, the movement of constituent substances of a living body such as a cells has integrateness. This can also be interpreted as an organization of the constituent substances and control of their movements. (It is assumed that this is probably true. Otherwise, living things would never be able to move properly).

(Incidentally, integrateness can also be felt in the process of forming crystal masses of various substances, and the movement of the constituent substances appears to have cooperativeness).

2) (An aside) Possibility of adding voluntariness to biological activities

By the way, it seems that by postponing the transfer of prepared material substances to the site, it is possible to temporarily suspend the occurrence of physical events within a cell.

And, relying on this framework, it is expected that it will be possible to give voluntariness to the occurrence of physical events within cells and, by extension, to the activities of living things.

(Voluntaryness is considered to be one of the essences of biological activity. However, the movement of (the constituent substances of) living things, which are fundamentally material systems, and the voluntariness are incompatible).

This may be the key to whether or not biological activities can be made intentional (purposive) (violating the (macroscopic) laws of physics).

3) Living things are evaluated as advanced and precise material systems with autopoiesis

In this way, if we compare those living bodies and the bodies of living things to machines, we can say that they are extremely advanced and precise machines. They can also be seen as material systems with extremely advanced and precise autopoiesis. (Autopoiesis means self-production or self-creation).

4) Living things continue to actively form a highly sophisticated physical order

Furthermore, the activities of living organisms, which can be compared to extremely advanced machines, in a word, fall under forming a physical order. Living things continue to spontaneously and actively form extremely advanced, detailed, dynamic, and large-scale physical orders.

Living things continue to move moment by moment in order to form and maintain the physical order of their bodies and, if possible, to create a higher physical order. Living things are the realization of material systems with extremely advanced and detailed autopoiesis, and can be evaluated as substances or beings that actively form their own physical order.

5) Biological activities violate the laws of physics

By the way, there is the second law of thermodynamics that entropy increases. This implies that physical order naturally collapses. In other words, it is impossible for a higher physical order to form naturally.

For this reason, it is impossible for living things, which are fundamentally material systems, to spontaneously form a (dynamic) physical order (without cause or basis).

Furthermore, living things are made up of countless substances, but substances are third-person objects and cannot move externally (unless they are passively involved in some kind of physical interaction). Moreover, substances can never spontaneously and actively move.

Therefore, it is irrational for living things, which are material systems made up of countless substances, to move spontaneously and actively (unless there is some kind of cause or basis). Biological activities violate the laws of physics. In other words, the active movement of the countless substances that make up a living body violates the laws of physics, even though it is in a special environment inside a living body.

6) Movements such as the development, activity, and evolution of living things cannot occur naturally

And, because of the second law of thermodynamics, and because living things are basically material systems that are third-person objects, it is fundamentally impossible for living things to undergo movements such as development, activity, and evolution.

(For example, due to the second law of thermodynamics, it is assumed that mutations that occur randomly (without careful purpose, policy, or design) are unlikely to promote the development or evolution --formation of more advanced physical order-- of living things. On the contrary, it should work towards disrupting the physical order of living things, making them more susceptible to elimination (by natural selection).

In other words, it is almost impossible for organisms to arise or evolve through random mutations.

(Therefore, it is expected that mutations that lead to the evolution of living things are necessary to occur based on a comprehensive purpose, policy, design, etc. that encompasses a living body or the entire body of a living thing)).

7) A physical mechanism, framework, or foundation is necessary for living things to be realized

However, despite this, the high level physical order of living things has actually been realized.

For this reason, in order for living things to be realized --in order for substances to move spontaneously and actively at the underlying cellular level-- without being constrained by the fact that matter is a third-person object and by the second law of thermodynamics, some kind of physical mechanism, framework, or foundation that makes this possible is needed.

It is hoped that biology and physics will add this perspective to the movement of living things and elucidate its mechanisms, etc. And, since countless substances are involved in the formation of the advanced and dynamic physical order of living organisms, physics seems to be primarily responsible for elucidating this.

Incidentally, elucidation of the mechanisms, etc. of spontaneous and active movement of substances inside cells is expected to help elucidate the mechanisms of biological development and evolution.

8) The active activities of living things are based on ideational functions

By the way, from the fact that the movement of countless constituent substances of a living body has integrateness and cooperativeness, and the fact that these substances are organized and their movements are evaluated as being controlled, it is assumed that whatever is playing this role has a size comparable to that of the living body.

Furthermore, in order to realize activities of a living body, it seems necessary to have a comprehensive measurement function (information gathering) for the current state of the entire living body and a comprehensive computation function (designing) for the new state at the next moment. Both of these functions are ideational functions. In other words, it is expected that the active activities of living things must be based on ideational functions.

And, even if they are ideational, we should not blindly avoid them. This is because we humans actually act based on thoughts that arise in our consciousness. For example, muscle movements related to vocalization always occur in response to thoughts that occur in consciousness. In other words, all activities of the autopoiesis material system (= advanced, detailed, and dynamic physical order) called a living thing are based on ideas. It is indispensable that ideas are involved in the activities and movements of living things.

By the way, since the activities of living things are based on thoughts that arise in consciousness, it is first understood that thoughts have a material (physical) side. And, regarding vocalization, it is assumed that there is a point of contact between ideas and matter somewhere between the brain's consciousness and the musculature for vocalization. It is probably inside the neurons or inside the brain tissue, before the nerves. It is hoped that this will also be recognized by physics.