9 Organisms (2)
9 Organisms (2)
Biology seems to believe that the activities of living things do not violate the laws of physics
Cells have intelligence -- It's indirect evidence
Indirect demonstration of intelligence and memory in slime molds
Newton's first law (the law of inertia) can be violated in living bodies
Memory may be an important basis for biological activities
《 Biology seems to believe that the activities of living things do not violate the laws of physics 》
1) Biology seems to believe that the activities of living things do not violate the laws of physics
2) It is still unclear whether biological activities violate the laws of physics
3) Suspected violation of the laws of physics
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1) Biology seems to believe that the activities of living things do not violate the laws of physics
Living things are extremely advanced and complex physical orders. Moreover, that order is dynamic.
However, according to the second law of thermodynamics, entropy (messiness / disorder) naturally increases.
For this reason, the high level physical order of living things should fundamentally not exist (emerge) in nature.
(However, living things have actually emerged and exist. For this reason, it is expected that some factors that are not natural (in the usual sense) are at work in the existence and activities of living things. It has to be so. And, it is also speculated that it must have worked during the process of biological development).
However, in biology, it seems that the activities of living things are believed not to violate the second law of thermodynamics. This is probably due to the following reasons.
Entropy (disorder) increases in nature, but, in living things, order is partially formed while consuming energy and increasing entropy. Therefore, the activities of living things do not violate the second law of thermodynamics in that they consume enough energy. (Living things do not form order for nothing without using energy).
(I may not understand enough or I may have misunderstood, so please forgive me in that case).
The reason for this seems plausible as far as its description goes.
2) It is still unclear whether biological activities violate the laws of physics
However, this reasoning does not at all take into account the conditions and movements inside the cell when physical events such as chemical reactions occur within the cell.
The reason, so to speak, is about the chemical reactions that take place in vitro. By the way, when it comes to chemical reactions in vitro, all the preparations for making them happen are done by humans. This also applies if stirring or heating is required.
However, for chemical reactions inside cells, accurate movement of reactants to the site and contact is indispensable. (By the way, chemical reactions inside cells are individual reactions, unlike collective reactions in vitro. Stirring is not possible). Unless that happens, chemical reactions will never occur.
And, it is assumed that such pre-movements within cells can only occur naturally or be actively carried out by the cells themselves. (This is because humans cannot fulfill this role in place of cells. Moreover, because it seems that there is no convenient physical force that can bring about such a purposeful movement). Furthermore, regarding the movement of substances within cells, it is highly unlikely that all substances are actively transported via microtubules. (Moreover, if microtubules are used, there will be a lot more work involved).
And, with regard to this kind of advance movement, even if it does not violate the second law of thermodynamics, there is a possibility that there is a violation of some physical law. This is because these movements are integrated, cooperative, and purposeful, and have an extremely high degree of dynamic order.
However, the basis for the formation of such a highly dynamic order within cells has not been explained and is nowhere to be found.
In other words, the biological reason why biological activities do not violate the second law of thermodynamics is about artificial events, and never about actual natural events within cells.
Therefore, it is assessed that it is still unclear whether or not biological activities violate the second law of thermodynamics.
3) Suspected violation of the laws of physics
The activities of living things occur based on thoughts in consciousness (purpose, policy, computation, design, command, etc). For example, the muscular movements of vocalization always occur in accordance with thoughts that arise in consciousness. Furthermore, the action of living things is the result of the integration of the movements of substances at the atomic and molecular levels. (In order for living things to perform coherent actions, those substances must move in a cooperative manner).
From this, it seems that there is no doubt that most physical events that occur in living things such as cells are fundamentally based on ideas such as conscious thought --ideological function--.
Furthermore, the activities of living things are extremely advanced, complex, and dynamic physical order.
In these two respects, it is strongly predicted that biological activities may violate some physical law, even if it is not necessarily the second law of thermodynamics.
The following are suspected.
Substances involved in physical events such as chemical reactions within cells must be precisely transported to the site of the event. (For example, the locomotion of ATP or mRNA to the site is an example).
However, it is inconceivable that much of this movement of substances within cells is achieved by active transport via microtubules, for example. (Using microtubules adds extra effort).
Additionally, there appears to be no physical force that can accurately move substances to the site.
And, perhaps subtle control of the posture of a substance may also be achieved in order to properly combine it with other substance, and the same is true for such event.
For this reason, although this is not necessarily the case for the movement of all substances, and even though it is a special environment such as the inside of a living body, some movements of substances within cells may violate the law of inertia (Newton's first law). (Then, the law of conservation of energy may also be violated).
Furthermore, in that the overall movement of the substances involved in a physical event is purposeful, and in that the movement of individual substance is part of the purposeful movement of the whole, these movements are advanced, dynamic order. And energy may not necessarily be consumed to realize those movements. Therefore, it seems that their movements also violate the second law of thermodynamics.
《 Cells have intelligence -- Its indirect evidence》
1) The intelligence of living things may be non-material
2) Judgement based on biological elucidation
3) Living intelligence is generated in cells
4) Other events about the emergence of intelligence in cells
5) Design regarding form etc. is performed dynamically and in real time on the spot by intelligence
6) Many of the movements of substances inside cells violate the ordinary (macroscopic) laws of physics.
7) Requirements for intelligence in cells (living bodies)
8) Direction of design through intelligence
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1) The intelligence of living things may be non-material
It seems impossible to directly demonstrate something non-material. First of all, energy falls into this category.
According to the Big Bang theory, energy is evaluated to be volumeless and non-material. And it's invisible.
This is why energy cannot be directly demonstrated.
Then, it is conceivable that there may be other things besides energy that exist but cannot be directly demonstrated. This possibility cannot be denied. This is because, like energy, if something like that is non-material, it cannot be proven. Because there is no other way than to indirectly infer its existence through some physical phenomenon.
And one of the candidates for such things is intelligence. This is because intelligence, no matter how we evaluate it, is very non-material. In other words, if we think about the quality of intelligence, intelligence is not something that can be demonstrated. (In fact, it seems that the existence of intelligence has never been directly demonstrated).
(However, if it were intelligence at the biological level, it might have a volume, even though it is non-material and invisible, just like energy. This is because intelligence at the biological level must be essentially large. This is because it can perceive many ideas -- bodily sensations and thought senses / information-- at the same time).
The existence of intelligence may only be inferred indirectly through some physical phenomenon. Still, if the inference is reasonable, it is reliable. And it seems that it can be considered an indirect proof.
However, in any case, it seems that intelligence cannot be directly demonstrated.
(Then, although it cannot be directly demonstrated, it may be possible to assume that the intelligence of living things is directly embodied by countless energies. The great intelligence of living things may be one of the forms taken by energy, and may be seen as a new form of evolution of energy (matter). This is because it is strongly assumed (though this cannot be proven) that energy possesses an inanimate and fixed intelligence. Max Planck, one of the founders of quantum theory, seems to have had this idea as well. Planck was probably one step ahead of his time).
2) Judgement based on biological elucidation
The mechanism of movement of substances inside cells has been elucidated in detail by biology.
However, although this may seem outrageous, the following points can be judged based on the elucidation.
A) Living intelligence is generated in cells.
B) Many of the movements of substances inside cells violate the ordinary (macroscopic) laws of physics.
Conversely, it can be said that biological elucidation indirectly proves the above.
The reasons are as follows.
3) Living intelligence is generated in cells
The locomotion (transport) of substances within cells is indispensable for cell activities.
For example, there is ATP.
ATP is synthesized by mitochondria, and it seems that ATP that is synthesized and released into cytoplasm is first scattered randomly. And, it seems that when ATP is needed somewhere, the amount of ATP needed is transported there.
ATP is said to be produced in large quantities and consumed in large quantities. It seems that ATP is used extremely frequently. Most ATP is likely to be consumed quickly after being synthesized, except when cellular activity is low.
Therefore, it is assumed that the movement of ATP --its locomotion or transportation to the site where it will be used-- must be accurate and rapid. Also, accuracy can be one of the causes of rapidness.
However, it is not clear whether ATP is automatically transported to its destination by some physical cause or material means, or whether it moves on its own. This does not seem to be explained by biology either.
Now, it seems that, broadly speaking, the following ideas are involved in the transport of ATP within cells.
i) (Generation of energy through hydrolysis of) ATP is required at a certain location within the cell (to cause a certain physical event --for example, muscular movement--).
This idea also includes accurate information about the location. (Such information is essential for ATP to be used appropriately). This is because ATP, which is a third-person object externally, has no way of knowing the information about its own transport destination. Before that, ATP cannot even know that he needs to be transported somewhere.
ii) Deciding which ATP to transport to the transport destination.
iii) Determining whether or not ATP to be transported reached the transport destination.
However, since ATP is a third-person object, it is impossible for it to spontaneously, independently, and actively move somewhere. Therefore, in order for ATP to be transported somewhere, (excluding judgment (iii), it is essential that at least the above ideas are formed in advance as a basis for transporting ATP. Otherwise, ATP transport as a physical event would never occur. Formation of these ideas is essential for active transport of ATP to be realized.
However, the quality and whereabout of these ideas are completely unknown. In spite of that its formation is indispensable, its existence is completely unknown.
And, (although the quality is unknown), material (physical) causes, mechanisms, frameworks, foundations, etc. by which these ideas are formed cannot be found inside cells. So to speak, within a cell, which is an integrated aggregate of countless substances, there is no substance that knows the specifications for ATP transport. In the first place, it is impossible for a (large) idea to be formed --for ideational functions to be fulfilled-- by an aggregate of substances that are third-person objects. So, if we look for causes in material things, this is a missing link.
Therefore, the specifications of ATP transport must be non-material and literal ideas.
That is to say, ATP transport within a cell is fundamentally based on literal ideas (broad, precise, and comprehensive) that govern its transport.
However, an idea (thought) is a higher (physical) order. And, due to the second law of thermodynamics, a high degree of order will never be formed unless there is some basis, mechanism, framework, or foundation that makes it possible.
For this reason, it is impossible for a mere aggregate of substances to handle ideas (thoughts).
And only intelligence can handle literal ideas --can perform ideational (intelligent) functions such as recognition, discrimination, evaluation, judgment, design, and decision-making--. Therefore, it follows that an (non-material and) living intelligence is always generated in a cell.
In addition, the information handled by cellular intelligence is information within a spatial expanse. However, if it is intelligence, it is expected that it will be able to have spatial extent. And it seems to be able to handle multiple ideas or large ideas in its expanse. Rather, it is expected that intelligence must have a volume comparable to that of a cell in order to recognize material conditions or situations within a spatial expanse.
However, the true identity, quality, whereabout, detailed functions, etc. of that intelligence is unknown, but that is another question.
Still, it is indispensable that at least a living intelligence arises in the cells. (This has been indirectly proven through biology's elucidation of the mechanisms of movement of substances within cells).
Cellular activity is an extremely advanced and dynamic physical order. And, because of the second law of thermodynamics, it is impossible for such an order to be formed by substances for nothing. Moreover, order must be imbued with rationality. And the only thing that can bring rationality to an aggregate of substances as a whole is the idea that is the basis of its order formation. (A rational aggregate of substances (= physical order) can never be formed without rational ideas as its basis). For this reason, it is essential that intelligence, which can serve as the basis for cellular rational movement, is involved in the realization of cellular activities. The spontaneous, active, and rational activities of cells are based on the function of intelligence. It can never be achieved unless it is based on intelligence.
It is impossible to form ideas from substances. Therefore, if a living (and large) intelligence have not already arisen in the cells, the above-mentioned ideas will never arise to begin with. And ATP will never actively transported.
Regardless of whether it is a plant or an animal, the body of any living creature is a high-level physical order that is purposefully and rationally formed. This means that the formation of its body is based on rational ideas. However, substances are externally third-person objects. For this reason, no matter how many such substances come together, it is impossible for ideas to (naturally) be formed there. And only the intelligence can deal with ideas (in the literal sense). Therefore, in that the formation of a living thing's body is based on ideas, it follows that intelligence has arisen in the body of a living thing. This is inevitable.
(By the way, according to the Big Bang theory, energy, the source of this universe and matter, has no volume and is considered non-material. In other words, energy is non-material and invisible. (Namely, the fact that something is non-material and invisible does not necessarily mean that it does not exist. Depending on things, non-material and invisible things may also exist, just like energy).
For this reason, energy may be considered a type of idea, a very peculiar idea. However, nevertheless, energy keeps on operating completely spontaneously, independently and actively (without receiving external energy supplies).
And it may be conceivable that this invisible, non-material, and active energy is the direct source of the intelligence contained in cells. (This is because the only thing that truly exists in this universe is energy. Substances are only static manifestation or projection of the work of energy. A substance is, so to speak, an illusion with a basis called energy). In other words, cellular intelligence may be like an invisible, non-material energy. This means that intelligence may be directly embodied by energy).
4) Other events about the emergence of intelligence in cells
In addition to the movement of ATP, physical events within cells are extremely diverse. And it is assumed that intelligence is deeply involved in many of them.
One of these is the gene expression mechanism. This mechanism roughly seems to give rise to the following ideas.
i) Information about a certain gene --for example, information about a protein-- is required at a certain location within the cell.
However, no one knows such a thing. There is no substance or aggregate of substances within the cell that can recognize it. Rather, such a thing is fundamentally unknowable. All purposeful and rational movements somehow occur completely automatically, without any basis. It's strange.
ii) It is necessary to know where in the DNA of which chromosome the gene (from which it is transcribed) is stored.
However, this is also unknowable for substances. No one knows. (Rather, humans who have decoded DNA know better).
iii) It is necessary to identify where the gene begins and ends in the DNA.
These locations are said to be identified by specific base sequences assigned to genes, and this base sequence is made up of many atoms (quanta). And a quantum is the lowest unit of information.
Therefore, in order to know the starting and ending points, it is necessary to comprehensively identify the entire sequence of many bases that embody a lot of information. That kind of work is indispensable. And identification is an ideational and intelligent work. However, no physical mechanism has been implemented in cells to accomplish such comprehensive identification. This identification is therefore impossible. (Nevertheless, we cannot help but conclude that identification is actually accomplished by something. What is that? It's strange).
Furthermore, various ideational (intelligent) works may be required at the stage of specifically transcribing the information of the transcription source gene into mRNA. However, the following parts are omitted.
Various physical events are carried out within cells. However, if we break down the movements that occur in them, a variety of ideas come to emerge there. A variety of ideational workings are fulfilled in physical events within cells in reality, even though they may not be visible. They are the basis for the external movement of substances and are essential for realizing consistent physical events.
(For example, multi-layered and diverse ideas are involved in the actions that we humans perform on a daily basis. Ideational work is the basis of human action and the movement of substances, and without it no coherent action can be achieved).
And, it is impossible for substances or material mechanisms to take over ideational functions. Ideas can only be handled by the (non-material) intelligence, and only the intelligence can perform ideational functions.
Therefore, it follows that, in order for a cell to operate properly, it must be equipped with an intelligence that is responsible for ideational functions. This is inevitable. Mechanistic elucidation through biology indirectly demonstrates this.
5) Design regarding form etc. is performed dynamically and in real time on the spot by intelligence
Simply put, it goes something like this.
According to biology, DNA does not contain blueprints or similar information regarding the shape of living things. (This is a fact determined from biological elusidation about DNA etc).
However, in general, designing the shape is indispensable when manufacturing articles. For this reason, the design of the form has no choice but to be carried out dynamically, on the spot, in real time, by intelligence. (Detailed reasons will be explained later).
Here, shape refers to the following, regardless of whether it is an animal or a plant, or whether it is a biological species.
a) Shape of cell components etc.
b) Composition, structure, shape, etc. of living bodies such as cells, tissues, organs, etc.
c) Composition, structure, shape (body plan), etc. of organisms
d) Differences and shapes of reproductive organs and sexual characteristics due to difference in gender
In other words, DNA is simply said to be the blueprint of living things, but in fact it is not a sufficient design in that it does not contain information about shape. (For example, no material goods in human society could ever be manufactured if they were based on such insufficient design. In other words, the lack of design in terms of shape etc. is a serious missing link).
It is extremely unlikely and surprising that the design of shapes etc. is carried out by intelligence on the spot, in real time, and dynamically. However, in order for living things to be rationally and exquisitely realized, this must be the case. This is because designing things such as shapes is indispensable, and there is nothing other than intelligence that can fulfill the ideational, intelligent, and comprehensive function of designing.
Therefore, it follows that the shape of an organism's body is designed on the spot, in real time, and dynamically by intelligence (that emerges in living bodies such as cells) and manufactured.
In other words, intelligence always emerges in cells etc.
(By the way, the brain is considered to be a special organ that performs intelligent functions. Still, integrated and comprehensive intelligence occurs even in brainless, single-celled organisms, albeit with lesser functionality).
And, such a thing has been indirectly proven through various biological elucidations.
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The basis for the design of shapes and other aspects being carried out dynamically and in real time on the spot by intelligence is as follows.
Proteins necessary for living bodies can be synthesized based on information stored in genes.
However, even if many of them combine to form cell parts, cells, tissues, and organs --combine to form shapes made up of countless substances--, if no control is exercised, they will have no choice but to become random clumps of proteins.
However, decent parts, cells, tissues, and organs are formed in reality. And these are purposive and rational high orders. Moreover, their formation has high reproducibility.
And the reproducibility of the formation of physical (material) order means that the order is not randomly formed by chance.
For this reason, it is determined that parts, cells, tissues, and organs are manufactured reliably and under control based on some kind of basis. This is inevitable. (If there is a physical basis, the event does not violate the second law of thermodynamics).
And what can be the basis for manufacturing and its control is design. This design is essential.
However, fundamentally, DNA does not include any design regarding shape etc. There is no design regarding shape etc.
Therefore, the design that serves as the basis for manufacturing shapes etc. has no choice but to be done by something on the spot, in real time, and dynamically. (Although it doesn't seem like it at all), that's the conclusion.
And it is a (big) idea that can serve as the basis (= design) for controlling the movement of substances. And, since it is impossible for the substance of a third-person object to form an idea, this idea is a literal non-material idea.
And, if there is anything that can handle non-material ideas, it is only the intelligence, which is also non-material.
For this reason, intelligence must emerge in living bodies as a basis for forming the shapes of parts, cells, tissues, and organs. Intelligence always occurs in living bodies.
Incidentally, the true identity, quality, whereabout, and detailed functions of this intelligence are still unknown, but that is another question.
Yet this intelligence is physical, even though it is not material, since it can be the basis of control over the movement of substances. (This intelligence appears to be capable of physical interaction with substances). And, if this intelligence is like energy, which has no volume and is non-material, it is physical and can exist in this universe. (Energy is the source of the existence of this universe and matter, as well as the source of physicality).
6) Many of the movements of substances inside cells violate the ordinary (macroscopic) laws of physics.
ATP is said to be the energy source for physical events inside cells. However, even though ATP produced by mitochondria is released into the cytoplasm, it must be transported precisely and quickly to where it is needed in order to be consumed. (Subtle postural control of ATP may also occur to allow chemical reactions to occur efficiently).
However, there is no physical force that can bring about such minute and precise movements of ATP (without some idea specifying that movement). Therefore, such movements are evaluated as violating the laws of physics. (And, even if the movements are based on ideas, it still seems to violate the ordinary (macroscopic) laws of physics.
(This is because, in current physics, there is a disconnect between ideas and matter. However, from the fact that our consciousness can sense this physical world, it is obvious that interaction occurs somewhere between ideas and matter. Ideas are physical, if not physical)).
(Even if it is inside a cell, matter is externally a third-person object, and can only move externally if it is passively involved in some kind of interaction. Rotation is also an external movement).
Moreover, the mechanisms by which genes stored in DNA are expressed (applied) are extremely detailed and precise. And the mechanisms involved in genes are extremely diverse. Furthermore, the substances involved are also diverse.
The gene expression mechanism can be compared to the workings of an extremely sophisticated machine. Surprisingly, this machine even performs fine processing on macromolecules such as DNA. (Corresponding to the variety of mechanisms, the processing performed is also diverse). Additionally, it can be evaluated as having even real-time situational sensing ability and decision-making ability.
However, even in the gene expression mechanism, there is no physical force that can bring about minute and precise movements of the substances involved. (The movements are primarily spatial locomotion, including rotation). Of course, at this level of size, there is no material mechanism that can accomplish that. Rather, material mechanisms fall into a vicious circle that cannot be helped.
In other words, there are generally no physical forces that can precisely move substances within a cell. Therefore, such precise movements are evaluated as violating the ordinary (macroscopic) laws of physics.
By the way, the law of inertia (Newton's first law) is expected to be the first candidate for the physical law to be broken. (Then, the law of conservation of energy may also be violated).
And, for this reason, elucidation of the mechanism of physical events within cells by biology can be seen as indirect evidence of violation of the laws of physics.
7) Requirements for intelligence in cells (living bodies)
The following seems to be the requirements for the intelligence possessed by cells (living bodies).
a) It has a size (volume) comparable to that of a cell (living body).
b) It has a self-state measurement ability (information gathering ability) that can recognize the physical state (situation) inside the cell at once.
It is speculated that this measurement somehow also includes knowledge (information) of what kind of thing each substance inside the cell is (including the genes stored in DNA). (It's very mysterious).
c) It has an ability to compute the next moment's state and movement within the cell (design ability / thinking ability) based on recognized information.
And living intelligence is consciousness. Therefore, it follows that elucidating the mechanism of material movement through biology indirectly proves that consciousness emerges in cells.
By the way, the emergence of consciousness is expected to also apply to large living bodies such as tissues and organs. This is because the movements of tissues and organs are generally integrate, cooperative, and purposeful. It seems that consciousness (which is essentially large) is the only thing that can bring this quality to the movement of countless substances. (Consciousness is formed by overlapping the whole of countless substances, so it is necessarily a (large) material system consciousness).
8) Direction of design through intelligence
It is speculated that design is carried out in the direction of forming and maintaining the physical (material) order of the living body in which intelligence emerges.
It is conjectured that this tendency is due to the physical action inherent in energy --self-emergence action (or, self-fusion action)--.
During the Big Bang's cosmic inflation, many types of elementary particles --higher physical order-- were formed from countless energies. From this, it is evaluated that energies have a tendency to use themselves as materials to form a higher physical order. That is the self-emergence action of energy.
Moreover, this action operates completely automatically. For this reason, it seems that design by intelligence is also fundamentally accomplished completely automatically. (Therefore, free will does not exist).
However, ideas to be designed are not expected to persist over time. The entirety of the countless substances that make up a living body is one large physical order, but these ideas seem to be sufficient if they express (design) the order of the next moment. This is because it seems that, if the contents of the ideas that are continually being designed are realized integrally, then the great purpose can be achieved. (In the first place, (physical) ideas are formed moment by moment, so fundamentally they do not last).
However, be that as it may, it is very strange that consistent results can be obtained over time by accumulating designs from moment to moment. This is because, from the results, it appears that living things have memory in their living intelligences, even if they do not have a brain. And because such abilities seem to allow that intelligence to predict what lies ahead.
《 Indirect demonstration of intelligence and memory in slime molds 》
1) Slime molds have intelligence
2) Slime molds have memory
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1) Slime molds have intelligence
It is said that Hokkaido University professor Toshiyuki Nakagaki conducted an experiment that strongly suggests that a type of unicellular slime mold has intelligence.
The slime mold is said to be able to grow to a huge size while remaining single-celled. Furthermore, it can also be rolled out into a wide sheet. Also, slime molds do not have brains.
And, in the experiment, this slime mold was spread out evenly in a large maze, and food was placed in only two places, the entrance and the exit. Then, the body retreated from the area where there was no food, maintaining the integrity of the single-celled body, and concentrated in two areas, the entrance and exit, where there was food. And the part connecting the entrance and exit took the shortest distance.
However, no matter how highly organized the slime mold is, if the slime mold is nothing more than an aggregate of substances that are third-person objects, this result will never be obtained. This is because the slime mold's body does not have a material mechanism that automatically brings about such large, integrated, and comprehensive movements. This kind of movement would never occur unless it was based on a large and purposive thought (idea), such as "Let's go where there is food".
Moreover, thinking is a higher (physical) order. And, due to the second law of thermodynamics, a high degree of order will never be formed unless there is some basis, mechanism, framework, foundation, etc. that makes it possible.
For this reason, it is impossible for a mere aggregate of substances to handle ideas (thoughts).
Therefore, it is evaluated that an idea (thought) was formed in the slime mold's body. And, since only intelligence can form thoughts, it turns out that the slime mold has intelligence.
(The true identity, quality, form, and whereabout of this intelligence are still unknown, but that is another issue. By the way, intelligence is thought to be consciousness).
And this means that the slime mold's body moves based on intelligent thinking (design). This also means that the countless substances that make up the slime mold's body move in an integrated and cooperative manner based on thought in various physical events at the atomic, molecular, and ion levels. Otherwise, it is impossible for the slime mold to move coherently.
And it seems that this is a serious but interesting issue for physics. By the way, from this, it follows that there is a point of contact between ideas (thoughts) and matter. Perhaps ideas are physical, albeit non-material and invisible (like energy).
In this way, from the results of this experiment, it can be easily seen visually that the slime mold seems to have intelligence, and, in this respect, this experiment is highly praised.
Furthermore, although it seems essentially impossible to directly demonstrate the emergence or existence of intelligence (which is presumed to be non-material), it can also be considered that this experiment has indirectly demonstrated it through the physical event that occurs in slime molds. In this respect as well, this experiment is highly praised.
Incidentally, intelligence is consciousness, and this experiment can also be evaluated as indirectly demonstrating that consciousness occurs even at the level of cells that do not have a brain. This is believed to be the first time that the emergence of consciousness (at the cellular level) other than the consciousness of human subjectivity has been demonstrated, albeit indirectly. (Like Energy, it seems impossible to objectively and directly demonstrate consciousness). This is, so to speak, a new discovery. In this respect as well, this experiment is highly praised.
2) Slime molds have memory
And professor Nakagaki also conducted another type of experiment.
In this experiment, the environmental conditions (temperature and humidity) were alternately switched between conditions that were comfortable for the slime mold and conditions that were not comfortable, which was repeated three times at regular intervals. Duration for comfortable conditions is 1 hour, and for non-comfortable conditions it is 10 minutes. Slime molds move under comfortable conditions. However, under conditions that were not comfortable, the slime mold stopped moving. And, for the fourth time, comfortable conditions remained the same.
Then, despite the continued comfortable environment, the slime mold stopped moving for the fourth time.
Furthermore, this experiment was carried out 100 times with different slime mold individuals. Then, it is said that about half of the slime molds stopped moving for the fourth time, even though the environment is comfortable.
First, the demonstration of intelligence in brainless slime molds is astonishing, but the result of this other type of experiment is even more astonishing.
This is because, based on these results, we can visually evaluate that, even without a brain, slime molds can remember the sense of the passage of time. And that memory is pretty accurate. (This is because we humans think of such things as memories. It is impossible to directly demonstrate memory (which is non-material)).
However, slime molds bodies do not seem to have a material mechanism like a clock that can measure the passage of time. (There is also no mechanism that can flexibly, integrately, and comprehensively control the movement of the entire body according to the results of that mechanism). For this reason, it is speculated that the passage of time can only be holded as an ideational sensation (= memory). And the only thing that can feel non-material sensations (memories) is the intelligence.
In any case, it is astonishing that slime molds have been demonstrated to have memory (about the passage of time). This is considered to be a groundbreaking discovery and extremely significant.
This is because it is expected that various living bodies such as cells, tissues, and organs that do not have brains have some kind of memory. (There is no reason to limit memory to slime molds alone).
Memory is thought to be more mysterious than intelligence, and this discovery may help explain in more detail what memory is. Alternatively, this may serve as the foundation for elucidating the mechanisms of memory in humans and animals. At the very least, this discovery provides objective evidence that humans and animals are endowed with memory.
Moreover, inside a living body, a certain physical event is realized through the integrated and cooperative movement of countless substances. Memory may also be the basis for the diachronic and consistent realization of such physical events over the course of time.
This is because it may be difficult to realize a certain physical event in a consistent manner by simply accumulating integrally the instantaneous designs of the movements of substances. Because without memory or the ability to predict future states, it may be difficult to assemble physical events properly.
Prediction is deductive thinking about future states, and it may be possible to do so by using memories about past states.
Be that as it may, it is strange that memory is embedded in (the intelligence (consciousness) of) cells (living bodies). There may be no other way than to think of living bodies as such.
By the way, the consciousness of humans and animals is equipped with memory. From this, it may be possible to evaluate that, to begin with, (physical) consciousness fundamentally has the function (ability) to remember ideas, regardless of whether it is a very simple memory or a complex memory. Otherwise, no matter how complex animal brains become, memory will never arise.
(Incidentally, it follows that slime molds possess intelligence also in that they can control the movements of their entire body in a flexible, integrated, and comprehensive manner in response to changes in environmental conditions. Because only a great intelligence that occurs throughout the body can do that).
《 Newton's first law (the law of inertia) can be violated in living bodies 》
1) What is further demonstrated by indirect demonstration of the intelligence of slime molds
2) It is not easy to explain violations of the laws of physics in living bodies.
3) Newton's first law is violated in living bodies
4) The procedure of physical events in the living body also includes ideational functions
5) Demonstration of intelligence in slime molds also demonstrates that Newton's first law can be broken within cells
6) Demonstration of intelligence in slime molds also demonstrates that there is a connection between ideas and matter, and that ideas have a physical aspect
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1) What is further demonstrated by indirect demonstration of the intelligence of slime molds
Professor Toshiyuki Nakagaki of Hokkaido University has indirectly, but visually and objectively demonstrated that slime mold, a unicellular organism, has intelligence and memory.
Michael Levin, a biologist at Tufts University, has also indirectly demonstrated that flatworms called planarian have intelligence and memory through research using the planarian.
Furthermore, other researchers seem to have also indirectly demonstrated that various living things, including plants, have intelligence and memory.
However, in these demonstration, it can be evaluated that the following has also been indirectly, but visually, objectively demonstrated.
A) Newton's first law (the law of inertia) can be violated in living bodies. (The application of Newton's first law can be waived in vivo).
B) There is a point of contact between ideas and matter, and ideas have a physical (though not material) aspect.
C) Cells have consciousness even if they do not have a brain.
A) is shocking. It is strongly hoped that physics will address to elucidate its basis, mechanism, framework, or foundation.
Also, B) seems to be a big deal. However, it is hoped that this perspective will be properly incorporated into physics. This is because ideas can affect the movement of substances in living bodies. And this further leads to broadening the horizons of physics.
Regarding C). Living intelligence of living things is consciousness.
(More precisely, consciousness is the intelligence that arises in a large material system made up of innumerable substances. For example, like AI, intelligence can be inanimate, and even a single quantum of energy or matter has inanimate intelligence. (Intelligence fulfills ideational functions such as measurement and computation). However, consciousness arises in large material systems, and, with the exception of intelligence that arises around hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor or in the formation process of crystal masses (= non-living consciousness), intelligence that arises in living bodies is generally alive).
Therefore, it follows that the demonstration of equipping with intelligence in living bodies also demonstrates that living bodies have consciousness even without a brain. The brain is not essential for the emergence of consciousness (= large intelligence). This also amounts to an objective demonstration of consciousness, albeit indirectly. It is a first and is highly appreciated.
2) It is not easy to explain violations of the laws of physics in living bodies.
The active movements of humans and living things unconsciously feel like they somehow violate the laws of physics. However, it's not easy to explain that. This is because the body structure and movement mechanisms of living things are extremely complex. However, at the cellular level, it is relatively simple and seems easy to explain.
However, even in cells, physical events that occur within them are complex and diverse. Therefore, in order to properly evaluate the cell movement, it is necessary to carefully scrutinize the mechanisms of physical events within cells.
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The structure of organisms' bodies and the physical events that occur within them are extremely complex. Even in simple cells, the physical events carried out within them are complex. Moreover, the bodies of multicellular organisms are composed of cells, tissues, and organs, and have a multilayered structure. And there are many different types of them. For these reasons, it is difficult to properly support the impression of a violation of the laws of physics, and it has little persuasive power.
Rather, we can hope that within such complexity there may be hidden some kind of mysterious, invisible, non-material key or secret that allows living things to move actively without violating the laws of physics.
It is probably assumed that this is implicitly assumed in biology as well. This is because the mechanisms (procedures) of various physical events inside cells include ideational functions (ideas), but biology does not seem to take these into consideration at all --they seem to be completely ignored in biology / biology seems to leave them the missing link--. And, unless this missing link is solved, we cannot say for sure that the movements of living things do not violate the laws of physics.
However, such a thing --some kind of mysterious, invisible, non-material key or secret-- has never been clearly demonstrated until now. Only the anticipation persists like a basso continuo.
However, speaking of mysterious things, for example, intelligence is also mysterious. Therefore, if we implicitly assume the mysterious as the key to solving the missing link, intelligence could also be a candidate. There is no reason to exclude intelligence from the explanation of physical events within living bodies.
3) Newton's first law is violated in living bodies
In order for living things, including plants, to move spontaneously, independently, actively, and coherently, all cells involved in that movement must act in an integrated, cooperative, and coherent manner in the direction that brings about that movement.
And, in order for the entire cell to operate in an integrated and consistent manner, various physical events must occur in a cooperative manner between the constituent substances in the direction that brings about the movement. This is inevitable. Otherwise, cells cannot move properly. And the bodies of living things cannot move coherently either.
And the core of physical events within cells is chemical reactions. (There are many complex physical events within cells that consist of multiple chemical reactions, such as the citric acid cycle --TCA cycle / tricarboxylic acid cycle / Krebs cycle--).
In other words, the occurrence of chemical reactions within cells is the foundation of biological movement.
For example, many movements in animals are caused by muscle movements. Muscle fibers are made of polymers of two types of protein molecules, actin and myosin, but in order for the muscle to move --contract and relax-- specifically (physically / materially), ATP must bind precisely to the head of the myosin molecule and be hydrolyzed.
In other words, in order for living things to move, various chemical reactions must occur within cells, but, in order for chemical reactions to occur properly, the substances involved must come into contact with each other accurately and reliably. Usually this is not considered, but it's very important.
For these reasons, in order to properly investigate the movement of living bodies such as organs, tissues, and cells, it is necessary to closely examine the movement of substances in the mechanism of chemical reactions within cells at the size level of atoms, molecules, ions, etc.
Here, the movement of substances includes the spatial movement (or transport) and rotation of substances involved in chemical reactions. This is natural. This is because chemical reactions cannot be expected to occur properly and reliably unless they are performed properly and reliably.
And, for example, a solution can be stirred to bring substances into contact with each other. However, it is impossible to stir the inside of the cell.
Therefore, in order for a chemical reaction to occur properly, the reactants must be transported --move-- accurately and reliably to a position where they can come into contact with each other, for some reason or cause.
Moreover, the transportation must be quick.
However, there is no physical force within cells that can bring about the minute, precise, and rapid movement of substances that actually causes a chemical reaction. This is decisive. There is no fine-grained physical force that can bring about such subtle movements of substances.
Rather, what exists within cells are collective forces such as electromagnetic forces, ion concentration differences, osmotic pressure, etc. These can cause random movement (locomotion) of a large number of substances, but they can never individually bring about minute and precise movements in each individual substance.
Therefore, although it is hard to believe, it follows that there is no physical basis or cause for the mechanism of physical events within a cell, such as the precise transport (locomotion) of substances. (By extension, there is fundamentally no physical basis or cause for the active movement of living things). That's a strange move. This part is the fundamental missing link for active movement in living things. (And it's still not resolved).
However, (even though there is no physical basis or cause), subtle and precise movement --transport and locomotion-- of substances within cells actually occurs. (This is because, otherwise, the chemical reactions that lead to the active movement of living things can never occur properly and reliably).
For this reason, it is predicted that accurate movement of substances within cells, whatever the basis or cause, must violate Newton's first law (the law of inertia). It can also be said that the application of that law is exempted.
4) The procedure of physical events in the living body also includes ideational functions
Furthermore, although this is surprising, in order for accurate spatial movement of substances to be possible, various ideational basises are also required. That is as follows, for example, regarding ATP hydrolysis.
i) Judgment or decision that an ATP molecule needs to be hydrolyzed at a certain location within the cell
ii) Selection of an ATP to move to that location
In other words, even if it is a chemical reaction, if we look at it in detail, it consists of multiple steps. This also includes ideational functions such as judgment, decision making, and selection. This kind of ideational work is essential as the basis for the outward movement of substances. This is a logical necessity.
(This is like, for example, that some material system is operated in an integrated manner based on ideational commands from a central control room. The purposeful movement of substances in a large system is always based on the ideational basis of a comprehensive intelligence. Living bodies such as cells are also large systems in that they are made up of countless substances).
(By the way, it is assumed that most other physical events that occur within cells also involve a variety of ideational functions).
And usually those ideational functions are large. Ideas are essentially large. The ideational work of dealing with ideas is also large.
And, unless such ideational work is accomplished, it will be impossible for substances to move outward accurately and effectively, and there will be also concerns about ensuring that the necessary chemical reactions occur properly and reliably. And living things will no longer be able to move coherently.
In other words, not only the occurrence of chemical reactions within cells is the foundation of biological movement, but also the ideational functions performed within cells. Rather, ideational work is evaluated as the fundamental foundation of active movement in living things.
However, no matter how highly organized it is, it is impossible for a thing which is nothing more than an aggregate of substances that are third-person objects (= a cell) to handle ideas. Ideas never arise at the material level. Substances can never perform ideational work (thinking).
In other words, it is impossible for a third-person object, an aggregate of substances (= a cell), to act on behalf of intelligence, which is essentially a large object.
For this reason, it follows that cells must necessarily contain intelligence as one that is responsible for ideational functions. This too is a logical necessity. Intelligence is always contained in living bodies such as cells. Intelligence and its functions are the key to solving the fundamental missing link of active movement in living things.
And the ideational work is performed by the intelligence. In other words, intelligence in cells is the fundamental foundation for the active movement of living things.
Furthermore, intelligence is consciousness. In a sense, the possession of intelligence (= consciousness) and the ideational work performed by the intelligence may be considered the essence of living things (living bodies).
5) Demonstration of intelligence in slime molds also demonstrates that Newton's first law can be broken within cells
In the experiment by professor Nakagaki, the body of a slime mold concentrated in areas where food was available. This means that the slime mold had a (purposeful) thought, "Here is food. Let's focus my body here", and the slime mold's body moved based on this thought.
This is because the slime mold's body does not have a material mechanism that allows it to make such special movements.
Moreover, if the body is to move in an integrated manner towards one thing, the substances involved in that movement must move in a cooperative manner. However, since there is no material mechanism, such movements of countless substances must be based on large, comprehensive ideas. In other words, the movements of countless substances are based on ideas. (This is a process of elimination, but it can't be helped. This is because, (as with the existence of energy), it is presumed to be almost impossible to directly prove thoughts and ideas).
And, (in the absence of fine-grained physical forces or material mechanisms), the fact that substances spatially move based on ideas immediately means that their movements violate Newton's first law (the law of inertia).
In other words, although it is very complicated to explain, researches by Toshiyuki Nakagaki, Michael Levin, and other researchers has also visually, objectively, and indirectly demonstrated that Newton's first law can be violated in vivo. It is hard to believe that Newton's first law can be violated. That's amazing.
6) Demonstration of intelligence in slime molds also demonstrates that there is a connection between ideas and matter, and that ideas have a physical aspect
The perception of bodily sensations and thoughts by our human subjective consciousness is an immediate fact, and there is no need for any further proof for us.
And, according to that perception, we act on the basis of thoughts that arise in our consciousness.
(For example, the muscular movements of vocalization are always based on thoughts formed in the brain (& consciousness). Except for the self-control of autonomous organs, our activities are, like this, mostly based on thought).
At least multicellular organisms with brains operate based on thoughts that occur in the brain (& consciousness).
And from this we can immediately determine that there is a point of contact between ideas and matter. There is definitely a point of contact somewhere between ideas and matter.
Or, even though we are not concerned with the output side of consciousness here, consciousness is able to sense the external world on the input side of consciousness. And the outside world is material. This means that consciousness can have sensations about matter in the external world. And sensations are ideas and information. In other words, information about substances becomes an idea called sensation for consciousness somewhere.
In other words, there is a point of contact between ideas and matter.
And this means that at least the ideas (that arise in consciousness) have a physical aspect, (even if they are not material). The ideas we humans feel are physical.
However, it is difficult to objectively demonstrate that the ideas felt by humans and living things have a physical aspect. This is because it is expected to be almost impossible to directly and objectively demonstrate ideas, and the bodies of multicellular organisms and their movement mechanisms are complex and mysterious.
However, if it is a unicellular organism, its entire body is made up of one cell, and there is no brain. In other words, the situation is very simple. For this reason, it seems relatively easy to study unicellular organisms.
And, Toshiyuki Nakagaki demonstrated that slime molds, which are unicellular organisms, possess intelligence. Moreover, Michael Levin also demonstrated that planaria possess intelligence.
If we investigate these brainless unicellular organisms, the fact that they have intelligence means that, more precisely, a large and comprehensive idea, which is the basis for their integrated and coherent movement, arises throughout their bodies.
This furthermore means that all the substances involved in the movement of these organisms move based on this large, comprehensive idea.
And, this immediately means that there is a point of contact between ideas and matter within the bodies of these creatures, and that ideas have a physical aspect.
In other words, although this explanation is also complicated, the demonstration of the intelligence of these organisms also demonstrated this fact visually, objectively, and indirectly.
There is a point of contact between ideas and matter, and ideas have a physical aspect. This is a big deal.
It is hoped that this kind of recognition will be incorporated into physics. At the very least, it is necessary to recognize that the idea of thought formed by the intelligence within a living body can influence the outward movement of substances. This is because that idea is exactly involved in the movement of substances. It seems that physics cannot ignore this fact.
《 Memory may be an important basis for biological activities 》
Professor Toshiyuki Nakagaki of Hokkaido University has indirectly, but visually and objectively demonstrated that slime mold, a unicellular organism with no brain, has intelligence and memory.
Michael Levin, a biologist at Tufts University, has also indirectly demonstrated that brainless flatworms called planarian have intelligence and memory through research using the planarian.
Furthermore, other researchers seem to have also indirectly demonstrated that various living things, including brainless plants, have intelligence and memory.
It is extremely important and highly appreciated that living bodies without brains, including plants, have been demonstrated to have intelligence.
The living intelligence is consciousness. Therefore, the demonstration of intelligence in living bodies without brains also demonstrates that living bodies without brains have consciousness. This is the first time that consciousness has been objectively demonstrated, albeit indirectly. In this respect as well, the demonstration of biological intelligence is highly valued.
Furthermore, the above researches also demonstrated that living bodies without brains have memory. This seems innovative and extremely significant.
This is because memory and predictions based on memory are expected to form the basis or foundation for achieving physical events that are made up of many steps and take time in various living bodies. An example of this is the citric acid cycle within cells.
There are also multi-layered and large physical events that consist of many steps and physical events. This is thought to mainly bring about functional or morphological changes in cells, tissues, organs, and the body. This really applies to evolution. And, it is expected that its realization will take more or less time depending on its complexity and size. However, no matter how long the period is, as long as consciousness persists, memories and predictions may be retained to some extent.
Therefore, it seems that, unless the intelligence (= consciousness) of a living body is equipped with memory, it would be fundamentally impossible for living bodies (living things) to function or evolve.
Memory may be the emergence of a new function in the formation of consciousness. Perhaps consciousness is like that. And, as long as consciousness lasts --even if the activity level of the living body decreases, as long as the the living body is alive--, memories may be retained in (physical) consciousness. And that memory may become the basis or foundation for various physical events that take time.
In this respect, the demonstration of memory seems to be of great significance.
